asp.net election project with crystal report and gridview update / add when id is autonumber data type in access database

asp.net election project with crystal report and gridview update / add when id is autonumber data type in access database

 Namespace="System.Data.OleDb"

    Sub Page_Load  If Not Page.IsPostBack Then
        Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet

    Dim conn1 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp1 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from OFFICER", conn)
    Dim dset1 As New Data.DataSet

   Dim conn2 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp2 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF", conn)
    Dim dset2 As New Data.DataSet

    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")

    adp1.Fill(dset1, "OFFICER")
    adp2.Fill(dset2, "STAFF")

    D1.DataSource = dset

    D1.DataTextField = "GPU"
    D1.DataValueField = "GPU"
    D1.DataBind()

    E1.DataSource = dset1

    E1.DataTextField = "NAME"
    E1.DataValueField = "NAME"
    E1.DataBind()

     F1.DataSource = dset2

     F1.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F1.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F1.DataBind()

     F2.DataSource = dset2

     F2.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F2.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F2.DataBind()

     F3.DataSource = dset2

     F3.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F3.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F3.DataBind()

     F4.DataSource = dset2

     F4.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F4.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F4.DataBind()
END IF

    End Sub

    Sub HOME(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)

        Response.Redirect("http://10.182.186.100/ED/Home.aspx")
    End Sub
    Sub PREENTRY(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
        Response.Redirect("PREENTRY.aspx")
    End Sub

    sub EDIT(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)

         Response.Redirect("EDIT.aspx")
    End Sub

    Sub REPORT(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)

        Response.Redirect("REPORT.aspx")
    End Sub
    Sub REPORT1(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
        Response.Redirect("REPORT1.aspx")
    End Sub
    Sub EDIT1(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
        Response.Redirect("EDIT1.aspx")
    End Sub

Sub D1F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

     Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING where GPU='" & D1.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
    D2.DataSource = dset
    D2.DataTextField = "WARD"
    D2.DataValueField = "WARD"
    D2.DataBind()
    End Sub

Sub D2F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING where WARD='" & D2.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
    D3.DataSource = dset
    D3.DataTextField = "POLLINGNO"
    D3.DataValueField = "POLLINGNO"
    D3.DataBind()
    D4.DataSource = dset
    D4.DataTextField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataValueField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataBind()
 End Sub

Sub D3F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING where POLLINGNO='" & D3.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
    D4.DataSource = dset
    D4.DataTextField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataValueField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataBind()
 End Sub
    Sub D4F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

    End Sub

Sub E1F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

    Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from OFFICER where NAME='" & E1.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "OFFICER")
    E2.DataSource = dset
    E3.DataSource = dset
    E2.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    E2.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    E3.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    E3.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    E2.DataBind()
    E3.DataBind()
 End Sub
 
Sub F1F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F1.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F1A.DataSource = dset
    F1A.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F1A.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F1A.DataBind()
 End Sub

 

Sub F2F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)
Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F2.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F2A.DataSource = dset
    F2A.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F2A.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F2A.DataBind()
 End Sub
 
Sub F3F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F3.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F3A.DataSource = dset
    F3A.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F3A.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F3A.DataBind()
 End Sub
 
Sub F4F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)
Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F4.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F4A.DataSource = dset
    F4A.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F4A.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F4A.DataBind()
 End Sub

________________________

                          asp:DropDownList id="D4" runat="server" __designer:wfdid="w2" Width="150px" OnSelectedIndexChanged="D4F" AutoPostBack="true">

asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="GREEN" Text="<< HOME"
            Width="128px" onclick="HOME"

Sub Page_Load

    If Not Page.IsPostBack Then

        Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet

    Dim conn1 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp1 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from OFFICER", conn)
    Dim dset1 As New Data.DataSet

   Dim conn2 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp2 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF", conn)
    Dim dset2 As New Data.DataSet

    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")

    adp1.Fill(dset1, "OFFICER")
    adp2.Fill(dset2, "STAFF")

    D1.DataSource = dset

    D1.DataTextField = "GPU"
    D1.DataValueField = "GPU"
    D1.DataBind()

    E1.DataSource = dset1

    E1.DataTextField = "NAME"
    E1.DataValueField = "NAME"
    E1.DataBind()

     F1.DataSource = dset2

     F1.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F1.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F1.DataBind()

     F2.DataSource = dset2

     F2.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F2.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F2.DataBind()

     F3.DataSource = dset2

     F3.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F3.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F3.DataBind()

     F4.DataSource = dset2

     F4.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F4.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F4.DataBind()
END IF

    End Sub

    Sub HOME1(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)

        Response.Redirect("Home.aspx")
    End Sub
    Sub MORE(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
        Response.Redirect("EDIT3.aspx")
    End Sub

 

    sub EDIT1(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)

        
     Dim str As String
        Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
        Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
        str = "update POLLING set OFFICER='" & E1.Text & ", " & E2.TEXT & ", " & E3.TEXT & ", " & E4.TEXT & ", " & E5.TEXT &   "', PRE1='" & F1.Text & ", " & F11.TEXT &  ", " & F111.TEXT &  ", " & F1111.TEXT & ", " & F11111.TEXT & "', PRE2='" & F2.Text & ", " & F22.TEXT & ", " & F222.TEXT & ", " & F2222.TEXT & ", " & F22222.TEXT & "', PRE3='" & F3.Text & ", " & F33.TEXT & ", " & F333.TEXT & ", " & F3333.TEXT & ", " & F33333.TEXT & "', PRE4='" & F4.Text & ", " & F44.TEXT & ", " & F444.TEXT & ", " & F4444.TEXT & ", " & F44444.TEXT & "' where GPU='" & D1.Text & "' AND WARD='" & D2.TEXT & "'"
        If textbox1.text="road" then
        Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter(str, conn)
        adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
      textbox1.text="RECORD SAVED"
        Response.Redirect("EDIT.aspx")
        conn.Close()
        else
         textbox1.text="wrong password"
        End If

    End Sub

 

    Sub REPORT1(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)

        Response.Redirect("REPORT.aspx")
    End Sub

Sub D1F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

     Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING where GPU='" & D1.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
    D2.DataSource = dset
    D2.DataTextField = "WARD"
    D2.DataValueField = "WARD"
    D2.DataBind()
    End Sub

Sub D2F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING where WARD='" & D2.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
    D3.DataSource = dset
    D3.DataTextField = "POLLINGNO"
    D3.DataValueField = "POLLINGNO"
    D3.DataBind()
    D4.DataSource = dset
    D4.DataTextField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataValueField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataBind()
 End Sub

Sub D3F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING where POLLINGNO='" & D3.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
    D4.DataSource = dset
    D4.DataTextField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataValueField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataBind()
 End Sub
    Sub D4F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

    End Sub

Sub E1F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

    Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from OFFICER where NAME='" & E1.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "OFFICER")
    E2.DataSource = dset
    E3.DataSource = dset
    E4.DataSource = dset
    E5.DataSource = dset
    E2.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    E2.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    E3.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    E3.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    E4.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    E4.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    E5.DataTextField = "CNO"
    E5.DataValueField = "CNO"
    E2.DataBind()
    E3.DataBind()
    E4.DataBind()
    E5.DataBind()
 End Sub
 
Sub F1F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F1.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F11.DataSource = dset
    F11.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F11.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F11.DataBind()
    F111.DataSource = dset
    F111.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F111.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F111.DataBind()
    F1111.DataSource = dset
    F1111.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F1111.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F1111.DataBind()
    F11111.DataSource = dset
    F11111.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F11111.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F11111.DataBind()
 End Sub

 

Sub F2F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)
Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F2.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F22.DataSource = dset
    F22.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F22.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F22.DataBind()
    F222.DataSource = dset
    F222.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F222.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F222.DataBind()
    F2222.DataSource = dset
    F2222.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F2222.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F2222.DataBind()
    F22222.DataSource = dset
    F22222.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F22222.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F22222.DataBind()
 End Sub
 
Sub F3F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F3.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F33.DataSource = dset
    F33.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F33.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F33.DataBind()
    F333.DataSource = dset
    F333.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F333.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F333.DataBind()
    F3333.DataSource = dset
    F3333.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F3333.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F3333.DataBind()
    F33333.DataSource = dset
    F33333.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F33333.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F33333.DataBind()
 End Sub
 
Sub F4F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)
Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F4.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F44.DataSource = dset
    F44.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F44.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F44.DataBind()
    F444.DataSource = dset
    F444.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F444.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F444.DataBind()
    F4444.DataSource = dset
    F4444.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F4444.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F4444.DataBind()
    F44444.DataSource = dset
    F44444.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F44444.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F44444.DataBind()
 End Sub

________________________

Sub Page_Load

    If Not Page.IsPostBack Then

        Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
        TextBox6.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(3)
        TextBox1.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(5)
        TextBox2.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(6)
        TextBox3.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(7)
        TextBox4.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(8)
        TextBox5.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(9)
          
END IF

    End Sub

    Sub HOME(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)

        Response.Redirect("Home.aspx")
    End Sub
    Sub SEARCH(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
    on error resume next
           Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING where ID=" & TextBox6.Text, conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
        TextBox6.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(3)
        TextBox1.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(5)
        TextBox2.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(6)
        TextBox3.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(7)
        TextBox4.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(8)
        TextBox5.Text = dset.Tables(0).Rows(0).Item(9)
    End Sub
   
   Sub UPDATE(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
       Dim str As String
        Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
        Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
        str="update POLLING set OFFICER='" & TextBox1.Text & "', PRE1='" & TextBox2.Text & "', PRE2='" & TextBox3.Text & "', PRE3='" & TextBox4.Text & "', PRE4='" & TextBox5.Text & "' where ID = " & TextBox6.Text 
        If textbox10.text="road" then
        Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter(str, conn)
        adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
        Response.Redirect("EDIT1.aspx")
        conn.Close()
        else
         textbox10.text="wrong password"
        End If
    End Sub

Sub Page_Load

    If Not Page.IsPostBack Then

        Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet

    Dim conn1 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp1 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from OFFICER", conn)
    Dim dset1 As New Data.DataSet

   Dim conn2 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp2 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF", conn)
    Dim dset2 As New Data.DataSet

    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")

    adp1.Fill(dset1, "OFFICER")
    adp2.Fill(dset2, "STAFF")

    D1.DataSource = dset

    D1.DataTextField = "GPU"
    D1.DataValueField = "GPU"
    D1.DataBind()

    E1.DataSource = dset1

    E1.DataTextField = "NAME"
    E1.DataValueField = "NAME"
    E1.DataBind()

     F1.DataSource = dset2

     F1.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F1.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F1.DataBind()

     F2.DataSource = dset2

     F2.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F2.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F2.DataBind()

     F3.DataSource = dset2

     F3.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F3.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F3.DataBind()

     F4.DataSource = dset2

     F4.DataTextField = "NAME"
     F4.DataValueField = "NAME"
     F4.DataBind()
END IF

    End Sub

    Sub HOME1(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)

        Response.Redirect("Home.aspx")
    End Sub
    Sub MORE(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
        Response.Redirect("EDIT.aspx")
    End Sub
    Sub OFFS(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
     on error resume next
    
       Dim conn1 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp1 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from OFFICER where NAME like '" & textbox2.text & "%'" , conn1)
    Dim dset1 As New Data.DataSet
    adp1.Fill(dset1, "OFFICER")
    E1.DataSource = dset1
    E1.DataTextField = "NAME"
    E1.DataValueField = "NAME"
    E1.DataBind()
    E2.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    E2.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    E2.DataBind()
    E3.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    E3.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    E3.DataBind()
    E4.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    E4.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    E4.DataBind()
    E5.DataTextField = "CNO"
    E5.DataValueField = "CNO"
    E5.DataBind()
   
    End Sub
    Sub S1S(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
          on error resume next
       Dim conn1 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp1 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME like '" & textbox3.text & "%'" , conn1)
    Dim dset1 As New Data.DataSet
    adp1.Fill(dset1, "STAFF")
    F1.DataSource = dset1
    F1.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F1.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F1.DataBind()
    F11.DataSource = dset1
    F11.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F11.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F11.DataBind()
    F111.DataSource = dset1
    F111.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F111.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F111.DataBind()
    F1111.DataSource = dset1
    F1111.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F1111.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F1111.DataBind()
    F11111.DataSource = dset1
    F11111.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F11111.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F11111.DataBind()
    End Sub
    Sub S2S(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
              on error resume next
       Dim conn1 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp1 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME like '" & textbox4.text & "%'" , conn1)
    Dim dset1 As New Data.DataSet
    adp1.Fill(dset1, "STAFF")
    F2.DataSource = dset1
    F2.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F2.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F2.DataBind()
    F22.DataSource = dset1
    F22.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F22.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F22.DataBind()
    F222.DataSource = dset1
    F222.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F222.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F222.DataBind()
    F2222.DataSource = dset1
    F2222.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F2222.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F2222.DataBind()
    F22222.DataSource = dset1
    F22222.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F22222.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F22222.DataBind()
    End Sub
    Sub S3S(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
         on error resume next
       Dim conn1 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp1 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME like '" & textbox5.text & "%'" , conn1)
    Dim dset1 As New Data.DataSet
    adp1.Fill(dset1, "STAFF")
    F3.DataSource = dset1
    F3.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F3.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F3.DataBind()
    F33.DataSource = dset1
    F33.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F33.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F33.DataBind()
    F333.DataSource = dset1
    F333.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F333.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F333.DataBind()
    F3333.DataSource = dset1
    F3333.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F3333.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F3333.DataBind()
    F33333.DataSource = dset1
    F33333.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F33333.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F33333.DataBind()
    End Sub
    Sub S4S(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
         on error resume next
       Dim conn1 As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp1 As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME like '" & textbox6.text & "%'" , conn1)
    Dim dset1 As New Data.DataSet
    adp1.Fill(dset1, "STAFF")
    F4.DataSource = dset1
    F4.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F4.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F4.DataBind()
    F44.DataSource = dset1
    F44.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F44.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F44.DataBind()
    F444.DataSource = dset1
    F444.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F444.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F444.DataBind()
    F4444.DataSource = dset1
    F4444.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F4444.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F4444.DataBind()
    F44444.DataSource = dset1
    F44444.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F44444.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F44444.DataBind()
    End Sub

    sub EDIT1(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
        
     Dim str As String
        Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
        Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
        str = "update POLLING set OFFICER='" & E1.Text & ", " & E2.TEXT & ", " & E3.TEXT & ", " & E4.TEXT & ", " & E5.TEXT &   "', PRE1='" & F1.Text & ", " & F11.TEXT &  ", " & F111.TEXT &  ", " & F1111.TEXT & ", " & F11111.TEXT & "', PRE2='" & F2.Text & ", " & F22.TEXT & ", " & F222.TEXT & ", " & F2222.TEXT & ", " & F22222.TEXT & "', PRE3='" & F3.Text & ", " & F33.TEXT & ", " & F333.TEXT & ", " & F3333.TEXT & ", " & F33333.TEXT & "', PRE4='" & F4.Text & ", " & F44.TEXT & ", " & F444.TEXT & ", " & F4444.TEXT & ", " & F44444.TEXT & "' where GPU='" & D1.Text & "' AND WARD='" & D2.TEXT & "'"
        If textbox1.text="road" then
        Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter(str, conn)
        adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
      textbox1.text="RECORD SAVED"
        Response.Redirect("EDIT.aspx")
        conn.Close()
        else
         textbox1.text="wrong password"
        End If

    End Sub

 

    Sub REPORT1(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)

        Response.Redirect("REPORT.aspx")
    End Sub

Sub D1F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

     Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING where GPU='" & D1.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
    D2.DataSource = dset
    D2.DataTextField = "WARD"
    D2.DataValueField = "WARD"
    D2.DataBind()
    End Sub

Sub D2F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING where WARD='" & D2.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
    D3.DataSource = dset
    D3.DataTextField = "POLLINGNO"
    D3.DataValueField = "POLLINGNO"
    D3.DataBind()
    D4.DataSource = dset
    D4.DataTextField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataValueField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataBind()
 End Sub

Sub D3F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from POLLING where POLLINGNO='" & D3.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "POLLING")
    D4.DataSource = dset
    D4.DataTextField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataValueField = "LOCATION"
    D4.DataBind()
 End Sub
    Sub D4F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

    End Sub

Sub E1F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

    Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from OFFICER where NAME='" & E1.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "OFFICER")
    E2.DataSource = dset
    E3.DataSource = dset
    E4.DataSource = dset
    E5.DataSource = dset
    E2.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    E2.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    E3.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    E3.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    E4.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    E4.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    E5.DataTextField = "CNO"
    E5.DataValueField = "CNO"
    E2.DataBind()
    E3.DataBind()
    E4.DataBind()
    E5.DataBind()
 End Sub
 
Sub F1F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F1.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F11.DataSource = dset
    F11.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F11.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F11.DataBind()
    F111.DataSource = dset
    F111.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F111.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F111.DataBind()
    F1111.DataSource = dset
    F1111.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F1111.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F1111.DataBind()
    F11111.DataSource = dset
    F11111.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F11111.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F11111.DataBind()
 End Sub

 

Sub F2F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)
Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F2.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F22.DataSource = dset
    F22.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F22.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F22.DataBind()
    F222.DataSource = dset
    F222.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F222.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F222.DataBind()
    F2222.DataSource = dset
    F2222.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F2222.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F2222.DataBind()
    F22222.DataSource = dset
    F22222.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F22222.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F22222.DataBind()
 End Sub
 
Sub F3F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)

Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")

    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F3.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F33.DataSource = dset
    F33.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F33.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F33.DataBind()
    F333.DataSource = dset
    F333.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F333.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F333.DataBind()
    F3333.DataSource = dset
    F3333.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F3333.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F3333.DataBind()
    F33333.DataSource = dset
    F33333.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F33333.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F33333.DataBind()
 End Sub
 
Sub F4F(sender As Object, e As System.EventArgs)
Dim conn As New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=" & """" & "e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb" & """")
    Dim adp As New OleDbDataAdapter("select * from STAFF where NAME='" & F4.text & "'", conn)
    Dim dset As New Data.DataSet
    adp.Fill(dset, "STAFF")
    F44.DataSource = dset
    F44.DataTextField = "DESIGNATION"
    F44.DataValueField = "DESIGNATION"
    F44.DataBind()
    F444.DataSource = dset
    F444.DataTextField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F444.DataValueField = "DEPARTMENT"
    F444.DataBind()
    F4444.DataSource = dset
    F4444.DataTextField = "POSTING"
    F4444.DataValueField = "POSTING"
    F4444.DataBind()
    F44444.DataSource = dset
    F44444.DataTextField = "CNO"
    F44444.DataValueField = "CNO"
    F44444.DataBind()
 End Sub

asp:GridView ID="GridView3" runat="server" AllowPaging="True" AutoGenerateColumns="False"

            BackColor="#DEBA84" BorderColor="#DEBA84" BorderStyle="None" BorderWidth="1px"
            CellPadding="3" CellSpacing="2" DataKeyNames="ID" DataSourceID="AccessDataSource3" AutoGenerateEditButton="false" Width="672px">
           Columns--
                --asp:BoundField DataField="GPU" HeaderText="GPU" SortExpression="GPU" --
                --asp:BoundField DataField="POLLINGNO" HeaderText="POLLINGNO" SortExpression="POLLINGNO" --
                --asp:BoundField DataField="WARD" HeaderText="WARD" SortExpression="WARD" --
                --asp:BoundField DataField="ID" HeaderText="ID" InsertVisible="False" ReadOnly="True"
                    SortExpression="ID" />
                --asp:BoundField DataField="LOCATION" HeaderText="LOCATION" SortExpression="LOCATION" --
            --Columns>
            --RowStyle BackColor="#FFF7E7" ForeColor="#8C4510"---
            --SelectedRowStyle BackColor="#738A9C" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="White"--
            --PagerStyle ForeColor="#8C4510" HorizontalAlign="Center" />
            --HeaderStyle BackColor="#A55129" Font-Bold="True" ForeColor="White"--
        --asp:GridView--
        --asp:AccessDataSource ID="AccessDataSource3" runat="server" DataFile="e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb"
            SelectCommand="SELECT * FROM [POLLING]"--asp:AccessDataSource

 ____

asp:AccessDataSource ID="AccessDataSource1" runat="server" DataFile="e:\ALOKRAJ\ELECTION.mdb"
            SelectCommand="SELECT * FROM [OFFICER]" UpdateCommand="UPDATE [OFFICER] SET [NAME] = @NAME, [DESIGNATION] = @DESIGNATION, [CNO] = @CNO, [DEPARTMENT] = @DEPARTMENT, [POSTING] = @POSTING WHERE [ID] = @ID">

_____

Crystal report.

Register Assembly="CrystalDecisions.Web, Version=10.2.3600.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=692fbea5521e1304"
    Namespace="CrystalDecisions.Web" TagPrefix="CR"

CR:CrystalReportViewer ID="CrystalReportViewer1" runat="server" AutoDataBind="True"
            Height="1039px" ReportSourceID="CrystalReportSource1" Width="901px" --
        --CR:CrystalReportSource ID="CrystalReportSource1" runat="server">
            --Report FileName="training.rpt"--
            Report--
        --CR:CrystalReportSource

Make crystal report from table selection or quesry.

Web Configuration----

 

xml version="1.0"
    Note: As an alternative to hand editing this file you can use the
    web admin tool to configure settings for your application. Use
    the Website->Asp.Net Configuration option in Visual Studio.
    A full list of settings and comments can be found in
    machine.config.comments usually located in
    \Windows\Microsoft.Net\Framework\v2.x\Config
--configuration
 appSettings
     add key="CrystalImageCleaner-AutoStart" value="true"
     add key="CrystalImageCleaner-Sleep" value="60000"
     add key="CrystalImageCleaner-Age" value="120000"
 appSettings
 connectionStrings
 system.web
 
            Set compilation debug="true" to insert debugging
            symbols into the compiled page. Because this
            affects performance, set this value to true only
            during development.

            Visual Basic options:
            Set strict="true" to disallow all data type conversions
            where data loss can occur.
            Set explicit="true" to force declaration of all variables.
       
  compilation debug="true" strict="false" explicit="true"
   assemblies
    add assembly="CrystalDecisions.CrystalReports.Engine, Version=10.2.3600.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=692fbea5521e1304"
    add assembly="CrystalDecisions.ReportSource, Version=10.2.3600.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=692fbea5521e1304"
    add assembly="CrystalDecisions.Shared, Version=10.2.3600.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=692fbea5521e1304"
    add assembly="CrystalDecisions.Web, Version=10.2.3600.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=692fbea5521e1304"
    add assembly="CrystalDecisions.ReportAppServer.ClientDoc, Version=10.2.3600.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=692fbea5521e1304"
    add assembly="CrystalDecisions.Enterprise.Framework, Version=10.2.3600.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=692fbea5521e1304"
  add assembly="CrystalDecisions.Enterprise.InfoStore, Version=10.2.3600.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=692fbea5521e1304"--assemblies--compilation
  pages
   namespaces
    clear
    add namespace="System"
    add namespace="System.Collections"
    add namespace="System.Collections.Specialized"
    add namespace="System.Configuration"
    add namespace="System.Text"
    add namespace="System.Text.RegularExpressions"
    add namespace="System.Web"
    add namespace="System.Web.Caching"
    add namespace="System.Web.SessionState"
    add namespace="System.Web.Security"
    add namespace="System.Web.Profile"
    add namespace="System.Web.UI"
    add namespace="System.Web.UI.WebControls"
    add namespace="System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts"
    add namespace="System.Web.UI.HtmlControls"
   namespaces
  pages
  ----
 
  ----
 --httpHandlers--add verb="GET" path="CrystalImageHandler.aspx" type="CrystalDecisions.Web.CrystalImageHandler, CrystalDecisions.Web, Version=10.2.3600.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=692fbea5521e1304"--httpHandlers--system.web--
--configuration--

 

 

 

 

                         
     
                   

                   
                       
     
                   

                   
                       
     
                   

                   
                       
                       

                   
                       
                       

     
                   

                   
                       
     
                   

                   
                       
     
                   

                   
                       
                       

                   
                       
                       
   

Fiber Media Converters

Fiber Media Converters Unmanaged and Managed

A fiber media converter is a simple networking device that makes it possible to connect two dissimilar media types such as twisted pair with fiber optic cabling. They were introduced to the industry nearly two decades ago, and are important in interconnecting fiber optic cabling-based systems with existing copper-based, structured cabling systems. They are also used in MAN access and data transport services to enterprise customers.
Fiber media converters support many different data communication protocols including Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, T1/E1/J1, DS3/E3, as well as multiple cabling types such as coax, twisted pair, multi-mode and single-mode fiber optics. Media converter types range from small standalone devices and PC card converters to high port-density chassis systems that offer many advanced features for network management. On some devices, Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) enables proactive management of link status, monitoring chassis environmental statistics and sending traps to network managers in the event of a fiber break or even link loss on the copper port. Fiber media converters can connect different Local area network (LAN) media, modifying duplex and speed settings. Switching media converters can connect legacy 10BASE-T network segments to more recent 100BASE-TX or 100BASE-FX Fast Ethernet infrastructure. For example, existing Half-Duplex hubs can be connected to 100BASE-TX Fast Ethernet network segments over 100BASE-FX fiber. When expanding the reach of the LAN to span multiple locations, media converters are useful in connecting multiple LANs to form one large campus area network that spans over a limited geographic area. As premises networks are primarily copper-based, media converters can extend the reach of the LAN over single-mode fiber up to 130 kilometers with 1550 nm optics.

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology in the LAN is especially beneficial in situations where fiber is in limited supply or expensive to provision. As well as conventional dual strand fiber converters, with separate receive and transmit ports, there are also single strand fiber converters, which can extend full-duplex data transmission up to 70 kilometers over one optical fiber. Other benefits of media conversion include providing a gradual migration path from copper to fiber. Fiber connections can reduce electromagnetic interference. Also fiber media converters pose as a cheap solution for those who want to buy switches for use with fiber but do not have the funds to afford them, they can buy ordinary switches and use fiber media converters to use with their fiber network.
10-100M-Ethernet-Fiber-Media-Converter-Cards-GT-DM01-R-GT-DS01R

Ethernet Fiber Optic Media Converter Extender, Extend LAN distance Ethernet Fiber Optic Converter, Media Converter, Ethernet Extender, Extend LAN distance . Transmits 10/100M Ethernet data over a long distance through fiber cables. Dark Fiber | Dark Fiber Maps | Dark Fiber Networks | Ethernet WANs NEF sources dark fiber and dark fiber networks and provides dark fiber maps to help you . Dark Fiber. Lit Services. Ethernet WANs. Metro WDM. Longhaul WDM

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Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world. The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal. Metro Fiber Pricing, Ethernet Gigabit Networks, T1 Lines, DS3 Bandwidth, MPLS, VPN and . ethernet, OC3, OC12, OC48, OC192, OC256, and OC768 lines delivered Ethernet to Fiber Media Converters by S.I. Tech SI Tech manufactures Ethernet media converters for networking applications. . Ethernet Twisted pair (RJ45) to Fiber Mini Bit-Driver

Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Due to much lower attenuation and interference, optical fiber has large advantages over existing copper wire in long-distance and high-demand applications. However, infrastructure development within cities was relatively difficult and time-consuming, and fiber-optic systems were complex and expensive to install and operate. Due to these difficulties, fiber-optic communication systems have primarily been installed in long-distance applications, where they can be used to their full transmission capacity, offsetting the increased cost. Since 2000, the prices for fiber-optic communications have dropped considerably. The price for rolling out fiber to the home has currently become more cost-effective than that of rolling out a copper based network. Prices have dropped to $850 per subscriber[citation needed] in the US and lower in countries like The Netherlands, where digging costs are low. Since 1990, when optical-amplification systems became commercially available, the telecommunications industry has laid a vast network of intercity and transoceanic fiber communication lines. By 2002, an intercontinental network of 250,000 km of submarine communications cable with a capacity of 2.56 Tb/s was completed, and although specific network capacities are privileged information, telecommunications investment reports indicate that network capacity has increased dramatically since 2004. Transmitters A GBIC module (shown here with its cover removed), is an optical and electrical transceiver. The electrical connector is at top right, and the optical connectors are at bottom leftThe most commonly used optical transmitters are semiconductor devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes. The difference between LEDs and laser diodes is that LEDs produce incoherent light, while laser diodes produce coherent light. For use in optical communications, semiconductor optical transmitters must be designed to be compact, efficient, and reliable, while operating in an optimal wavelength range, and directly modulated at high frequencies. In its simplest form, an LED is a forward-biased p-n junction, emitting light through spontaneous emission, a phenomenon referred to as electroluminescence. The emitted light is incoherent with a relatively wide spectral width of 30-60 nm. LED light transmission is also inefficient, with only about 1 % of input power, or about 100 microwatts, eventually converted into launched power which has been coupled into the optical fiber. However, due to their relatively simple design, LEDs are very useful for low-cost applications. Communications LEDs are most commonly made from gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) or gallium arsenide (GaAs). Because GaAsP LEDs operate at a longer wavelength than GaAs LEDs (1.3 micrometers vs. 0.81-0.87 micrometers), their output spectrum is wider by a factor of about 1.7. The large spectrum width of LEDs causes higher fiber dispersion, considerably limiting their bit rate-distance product (a common measure of usefulness). LEDs are suitable primarily for local-area-network applications with bit rates of 10-100 Mbit/s and transmission distances of a few kilometers. LEDs have also been developed that use several quantum wells to emit light at different wavelengths over a broad spectrum, and are currently in use for local-area WDM networks. Today, LEDs have been largely superseded by VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) devices, which offer improved speed, power and spectral properties, at a similar cost. Common VCSEL devices couple well to multi mode fiber. A semiconductor laser emits light through stimulated emission rather than spontaneous emission, which results in high output power (~100 mW) as well as other benefits related to the nature of coherent light. The output of a laser is relatively directional, allowing high coupling efficiency (~50 %) into single-mode fiber. The narrow spectral width also allows for high bit rates since it reduces the effect of chromatic dispersion. Furthermore, semiconductor lasers can be modulated directly at high frequencies because of short recombination time. Commonly used classes of semiconductor laser transmitters used in fiber optics include VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser), Fabry–Pérot and DFB (Distributed Feed Back). Laser diodes are often directly modulated, that is the light output is controlled by a current applied directly to the device. For very high data rates or very long distance links, a laser source may be operated continuous wave, and the light modulated by an external device such as an electro-absorption modulator or Mach–Zehnder interferometer. External modulation increases the achievable link distance by eliminating laser chirp, which broadens the linewidth of directly modulated lasers, increasing the chromatic dispersion in the fiber. A transceiver is a device combining a transmitter and a receiver in a single housing (see picture on right). [edit] ReceiversThe main component of an optical receiver is a photodetector, which converts light into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The photodetector is typically a semiconductor-based photodiode. Several types of photodiodes include p-n photodiodes, p-i-n photodiodes, and avalanche photodiodes. Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors are also used due to their suitability for circuit integration in regenerators and wavelength-division multiplexers. Optical-electrical converters are typically coupled with a transimpedance amplifier and a limiting amplifier to produce a digital signal in the electrical domain from the incoming optical signal, which may be attenuated and distorted while passing through the channel. Further signal processing such as clock recovery from data (CDR) performed by a phase-locked loop may also be applied before the data is passed on. [edit] Fiber cable types A cable reel trailer with conduit that can carry optical fiber. Single-mode optical fiber in an underground service pitMain articles: Optical fiber and Optical fiber cable An optical fiber consists of a core, cladding, and a buffer (a protective outer coating), in which the cladding guides the light along the core by using the method of total internal reflection. The core and the cladding (which has a lower-refractive-index) are usually made of high-quality silica glass, although they can both be made of plastic as well. Connecting two optical fibers is done by fusion splicing or mechanical splicing and requires special skills and interconnection technology due to the microscopic precision required to align the fiber cores.[4] Two main types of optical fiber used in optic communications include multi-mode optical fibers and single-mode optical fibers. A multi-mode optical fiber has a larger core (≥ 50 micrometers), allowing less precise, cheaper transmitters and receivers to connect to it as well as cheaper connectors. However, a multi-mode fiber introduces multimode distortion, which often limits the bandwidth and length of the link. Furthermore, because of its higher dopant content, multi-mode fibers are usually expensive and exhibit higher attenuation. The core of a single-mode fiber is smaller (<10 micrometers) and requires more expensive components and interconnection methods, but allows much longer, higher-performance links. In order to package fiber into a commercially viable product, it typically is protectively coated by using ultraviolet (UV), light-cured acrylate polymers, then terminated with optical fiber connectors, and finally assembled into a cable. After that, it can be laid in the ground and then run through the walls of a building and deployed aerially in a manner similar to copper cables. These fibers require less maintenance than common twisted pair wires, once they are deployed.

Specialized cables are used for long distance subsea data transmission, e.g. transatlantic communications cable. New (2011–2013) cables operated by commercial enterprises (Emerald Atlantis, Hibernia Atlantic) typically have four strands of fiber and cross the Atlantic (NYC-London) in 60-70ms. Cost of each such cable was about $300M in 2011. source: The Chronicle Herald. Another common practice is to bundle many fiber optic strands within long-distance power transmission cable. This exploits power transmission rights of way effectively, ensures a power company can own and control the fiber required to monitor its own devices and lines, is effectively immune to tampering, and simplifies the deployment of smart grid technology.

[edit] AmplifiersMain article: Optical amplifier The transmission distance of a fiber-optic communication system has traditionally been limited by fiber attenuation and by fiber distortion. By using opto-electronic repeaters, these problems have been eliminated. These repeaters convert the signal into an electrical signal, and then use a transmitter to send the signal again at a higher intensity than it was before. Because of the high complexity with modern wavelength-division multiplexed signals (including the fact that they had to be installed about once every 20 km), the cost of these repeaters is very high. An alternative approach is to use an optical amplifier, which amplifies the optical signal directly without having to convert the signal into the electrical domain. It is made by doping a length of fiber with the rare-earth mineral erbium, and pumping it with light from a laser with a shorter wavelength than the communications signal (typically 980 nm). Amplifiers have largely replaced repeaters in new installations.